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Brown Water Seamen and the Stowaway Virus: Coronavirus Precautions

April 23, 2020

When one thinks of the seamen of old or of modern times, images of sailing across the deep, blue ocean between continents on wooden sailing ships or, perhaps, making long voyages on ultra-large container vessels comes to mind.  These “blue water” seamen, however, 他们只占了维持我们经济运行的船只上工作人员的一小部分.  Most vessels ply the waters closer to home, including tug boats, tow boats, pilot boats, derrick barges, barges, dredges, ferries, and patrol boats.  海运业通常将这些船只的船员称为“棕水”海员, or, in certain cases, as “commuter” seamen.  Unlike blue water seamen, who live aboard large vessels for extended periods of time, 棕水海员通常在较小的船上与其他船员在狭小的空间里工作,航行时间短得多后就回家.  In fact, many commuter seamen can return home after a hard day of work.

虽然蓝水海员和棕水海员有不同的航程长度和他们所工作的船只类型, they both share the ancient right of “maintenance and cure.”  Under the principles of general maritime law, 雇主应向在雇主船舶十大正规网赌网址期间生病或受伤的海员提供这种根深蒂固的合同赔偿, regardless of fault.  “维持”要求雇主为受伤或生病的海员提供食物和住宿.  “Cure” requires that they pay for therapeutic, medical, and hospital expenses until a seaman reaches the point of maximum cure.  An employer who fails to provide this compensation can, in some cases, 被迫支付大量惩罚性损害赔偿以及海员的律师费.

In this time of Coronavirus, 棕水雇主应仔细考虑何时有义务提供维护和治疗.  Legal precedent in cases involving West Nile Disease, bacterial infections, encephalitis, venereal disease, toxin exposure, lymphoma, and myositis provide some guideposts towards reaching an answer.  In those cases, 法院一贯认为船东必须支付发生的任何疾病的抚养费和治疗费, was aggravated, or manifested itself while the seamen was in the ship’s service. 

雇主最应该关心的是“表现”的法律解释,因为棕色水域的雇员在航行之间享受更频繁的上岸休假,而且船上的工作空间也更紧凑. Like many other viruses, 冠状病毒的潜伏期较长,感染者可能在数周内不会出现任何症状, if at all.  Given lengthy incubation periods, 在进入工作场所或登上指定船只时看起来和感觉健康的棕水船员可能仍携带偷渡者病毒.  在狭小的空间里工作,这样的航母船员可能会感染部分或全部其他船员.  For the purpose of maintenance and cure, 这名船员是否在岸上休假期间感染了病毒,并没有在雇主的船上做任何事情,这无关紧要.  当海员在雇主的船舶十大正规网赌网址期间首次出现症状时,雇主支付维修费用的义务即被触发.  当一名船员在航行中首次出现症状,但在休假期间感染了病毒, a reasonable standard should apply to how long the maintenance and cure continues.  However, if the carrier-crewman infects fellow crew members during the voyage, 随着偷渡者病毒在整个船队中传播,这家棕水公司(及其保险公司)可能会发现,在一个伤痕累累的金融周期中,自己需要支付更长时间的维护和治疗费用.

海员有法律义务在航行开始时向雇主报告,如果他们觉得不适合工作.  雇主如果选择简单地依靠这一法律义务,可能会发现自己陷入了维护和治疗的旋风中,应该采取积极的措施.  海事雇主通过证明雇员故意隐瞒疾病或雇员故意从事不当行为来避免支付赡养费和治疗费.  在当前的冠状病毒大流行期间,棕色水的雇主应该记住这些防御措施, when feasible, 是否应该让每个潜在的船员填写并签署一份书面的航行前检查报告.  If necessary, this can be accomplished via remote computer access.  每个船员应在航行开始时和与其他船员接触之前完成报告. 报告应包括一节,要求海员详细解释他或她在岸上休假期间进行的所有公共活动.  该报告应包括从合格的医疗保健专业人员处获得的冠状病毒症状清单,并应询问每位船员在上岸休假期间是否出现过任何症状.    报告应要求每名机组人员确定与任何被诊断为冠状病毒的人或表现出该疾病任何症状的人的任何接触.  这些完成的筛查报告可用于防止潜在的冠状病毒携带者登船, and, if a crewman-carrier does get on board, 他的报告还可以在很大程度上证实任何故意隐瞒医疗状况的行为.  Additionally, 如果船员未能准确描述其上岸休假期间的公共活动, 然后,如果不明智的公共活动后来被曝光,雇主可以利用这份报告来确定雇员在岸上休假期间的故意不当行为.  By taking such precautions, 海事雇主不仅在潜在的维修和治疗问题出现之前就阻止它们,而且还保护自己免受感染偷渡者病毒的健康海员的不适航和琼斯法案索赔的涌入.

Tom Berkley is a Pender & Coward attorney focusing his practice on maritime and waterfront law.